Organic electroluminescent materials and devices

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to novel organic compounds containing oligocarbazoles. The compounds are useful for organic light-emitting diodes. The compounds are also useful for charge-transport and charge-blocking layers, and as hosts in the light-emissive layer for organic light emitting devices (OLEDs).

The claimed invention was made by, on behalf of, and/or in connection with one or more of the following parties to a joint university corporation research agreement: Regents of the University of Michigan, Princeton University, The University of Southern California, and the Universal Display Corporation. The agreement was in effect on and before the date the claimed invention was made, and the claimed invention was made as a result of activities undertaken within the scope of the agreement.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to novel organic compounds containing oligocarbazoles. The compounds are useful for organic light-emitting diodes. The compounds are also useful for charge-transport and charge-blocking layers, and as hosts in the light-emissive layer for organic light emitting devices (OLEDs).

BACKGROUND

Opto-electronic devices that make use of organic materials are becoming increasingly desirable for a number of reasons. Many of the materials used to make such devices are relatively inexpensive, so organic opto-electronic devices have the potential for cost advantages over inorganic devices. In addition, the inherent properties of organic materials, such as their flexibility, may make them well suited for particular applications such as fabrication on a flexible substrate. Examples of organic opto-electronic devices include organic light emitting devices (OLEDs), organic phototransistors, organic photovoltaic cells, and organic photodetectors. For OLEDs, the organic materials may have performance advantages over conventional materials. For example, the wavelength at which an organic emissive layer emits light may generally be readily tuned with appropriate dopants.

OLEDs make use of thin organic films that emit light when voltage is applied across the device. OLEDs are becoming an increasingly interesting technology for use in applications such as flat panel displays, illumination, and backlighting. Several OLED materials and configurations are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,844,363, 6,303,238, and 5,707,745, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

One application for phosphorescent emissive molecules is a full color display. Industry standards for such a display call for pixels adapted to emit particular colors, referred to as “saturated” colors. In particular, these standards call for saturated red, green, and blue pixels. Color may be measured using CIE coordinates, which are well known to the art.

One example of a green emissive molecule is tris(2-phenylpyridine) iridium, denoted Ir(ppy)₃, which has the following structure:

In this, and later figures herein, we depict the dative bond from nitrogen to metal (here, Ir) as a straight line.

As used herein, the term “organic” includes polymeric materials as well as small molecule organic materials that may be used to fabricate organic opto-electronic devices. “Small molecule” refers to any organic material that is not a polymer, and “small molecules” may actually be quite large. Small molecules may include repeat units in some circumstances. For example, using a long chain alkyl group as a substituent does not remove a molecule from the “small molecule” class. Small molecules may also be incorporated into polymers, for example as a pendent group on a polymer backbone or as a part of the backbone. Small molecules may also serve as the core moiety of a dendrimer, which consists of a series of chemical shells built on the core moiety. The core moiety of a dendrimer may be a fluorescent or phosphorescent small molecule emitter. A dendrimer may be a “small molecule,” and it is believed that all dendrimers currently used in the field of OLEDs are small molecules.

As used herein, “top” means furthest away from the substrate, while “bottom” means closest to the substrate. Where a first layer is described as “disposed over” a second layer, the first layer is disposed further away from substrate. There may be other layers between the first and second layer, unless it is specified that the first layer is “in contact with” the second layer. For example, a cathode may be described as “disposed over” an anode, even though there are various organic layers in between.

As used herein, “solution processible” means capable of being dissolved, dispersed, or transported in and/or deposited from a liquid medium, either in solution or suspension form.

A ligand may be referred to as “photoactive” when it is believed that the ligand directly contributes to the photoactive properties of an emissive material. A ligand may be referred to as “ancillary” when it is believed that the ligand does not contribute to the photoactive properties of an emissive material, although an ancillary ligand may alter the properties of a photoactive ligand.

As used herein, and as would be generally understood by one skilled in the art, a first “Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital” (HOMO) or “Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital” (LUMO) energy level is “greater than” or “higher than” a second HOMO or LUMO energy level if the first energy level is closer to the vacuum energy level. Since ionization potentials (IP) are measured as a negative energy relative to a vacuum level, a higher HOMO energy level corresponds to an IP having a smaller absolute value (an IP that is less negative). Similarly, a higher LUMO energy level corresponds to an electron affinity (EA) having a smaller absolute value (an EA that is less negative). On a conventional energy level diagram, with the vacuum level at the top, the LUMO energy level of a material is higher than the HOMO energy level of the same material. A “higher” HOMO or LUMO energy level appears closer to the top of such a diagram than a “lower” HOMO or LUMO energy level.

As used herein, and as would be generally understood by one skilled in the art, a first work function is “greater than” or “higher than” a second work function if the first work function has a higher absolute value. Because work functions are generally measured as negative numbers relative to vacuum level, this means that a “higher” work function is more negative. On a conventional energy level diagram, with the vacuum level at the top, a “higher” work function is illustrated as further away from the vacuum level in the downward direction. Thus, the definitions of HOMO and LUMO energy levels follow a different convention than work functions.

More details on OLEDs, and the definitions described above, can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 7,279,704, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A new class of compounds containing oligocarbazoles is provided.

The present invention provides compounds having formula I:

In the compound of formula I, G¹ has formula II:

G² has formula III:

L is selected from the group consisting of benzene, biphenyl, terphenyl, triphenylene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, chrysene, fluorene, xanthene, furan, thiophene, selenophene, benzofuran, benzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene, dibenzoselenophene, and combinations thereof;

G³ is selected from the group consisting of benzene, furan, thiophene, biphenyl, terphenyl, naphthalene, phenalene, phenanthrene, fluorene, xanthene, chrysene, benzofuran, benzothiophene, dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, indenocarbazole, benzothienocarbazole, benzofurocarbazole, benzoselenocarbazole, benzofluorenothiophene, indolocarbazole, and benzothienodibenzothiophene; R², R⁴, R⁶, and R⁸ each independently represent mono, di, tri, or no substitution; R¹, R³, R⁵, and R⁷ each independently represent mono, di, tri, tetra, or no substitution; R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R^(A), and R^(B) are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, silyl, carbonyl, alkyloxyl, nitrile, isonitrile, benzene, biphenyl, terphenyl, triphenyl, and combinations thereof;

L is optionally further substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, arylthio, arylseleno, nitrile, isonitrile, and combinations thereof;

G³ is optionally further substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, arylthio, arylseleno, heteroarylalkyl, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylthio, nitrile, isonitrile, and combinations thereof;

a is 0 or 1; b is 0, 1, 2, or 3; m is an integer from 1 to 10; n is an integer from 0 to 9; and

m is larger than n.

In some embodiments, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R^(A), and R^(B) are hydrogen.

In some embodiments, the compound is selected from the group consisting of formula IV:

and formula V:

In some embodiments, G¹ is:

In some embodiments, G¹ is selected from the group consisting of:

In some embodiments, L is selected from the group consisting of:

wherein X is selected from the group consisting of O, S, and Se, and

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, and aryl;

wherein each - - - - - individually represents an optional direct bond to G¹, G², or G³, and

wherein one - - - - - represents a direct bond to G¹.

In some embodiments, G² is:

In some embodiments, G² is selected from the group consisting of:

In some embodiments, G³ is selected from the group consisting of:

wherein X is selected from the group consisting of O, S, and Se, and

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, and aryl.

In some embodiments, the compound is selected from a group consisting of Compound 1 to Compound 67.

In some embodiments, m is 1, L is benzene, and R³, R⁴, and R^(A) are hydrogen.

In some embodiments, m is 1, L is biphenyl, and R³, R⁴, and R^(A) are hydrogen.

In some embodiments, a first device is provided. The first device comprises an anode, a cathode, and an organic layer, disposed between the anode and the cathode, comprising a compound having formula I:

In the compound of formula I, G¹ has formula II:

G² has formula III:

L is selected from the group consisting of benzene, biphenyl, terphenyl, triphenylene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, chrysene, fluorene, xanthene, furan, thiophene, selenophene, benzofuran, benzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene, dibenzoselenophene, and combinations thereof;

G³ is selected from the group consisting of benzene, furan, thiophene, biphenyl, terphenyl, naphthalene, phenalene, phenanthrene, fluorene, xanthene, chrysene, benzofuran, benzothiophene, dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, indenocarbazole, benzothienocarbazole, benzofurocarbazole, benzoselenocarbazole, benzofluorenothiophene, indolocarbazole, and benzothienodibenzothiophene;

R², R⁴, R⁶, and R⁸ each independently represent mono, di, tri, or no substitution;

R¹, R³, R⁵, and R⁷ each independently represent mono, di, tri, tetra, or no substitution;

wherein R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R^(A), and R^(B) are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, silyl, carbonyl, alkyloxyl, nitrile, isonitrile, benzene, biphenyl, terphenyl, triphenyl, and combinations thereof;

L is optionally further substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, arylthio, arylseleno, nitrile, isonitrile, and combinations thereof;

G³ is optionally further substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, arylthio, arylseleno, heteroarylalkyl, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylthio, nitrile, isonitrile, and combinations thereof;

a is 0 or 1; b is 0, 1, 2 or 3; m is an integer from 1 to 10; n is an integer from 0 to 9; and

m is larger than n.

In some embodiments, the organic layer is an emissive layer and the compound of formula I is a host.

In some embodiments, the organic layer further comprises a phosphorescent emissive dopant.

In some embodiments, the phosphorescent emissive dopant is a transition metal complex having at least one ligand or part of the ligand if the ligand is more than bidentate selected from the group consisting of:

wherein R_(a), R_(b), R_(c), and R_(d) may represent mono, di, tri, or tetra substitution, or no substitution; and

wherein R_(a), R_(b), R_(c), and R_(d) are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof; and wherein two adjacent substituents of R_(a), R_(b), R_(c), and R_(d) are optionally joined to form a fused ring or form a multidentate ligand.

In some embodiments, the organic layer is a blocking layer and the compound is a blocking material in the organic layer.

In some embodiments, the device is an organic light-emitting device.

In some embodiments, the device comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of

The present invention also provides a formulation comprising a compound having formula I:

In the compound of formula I, G¹ has formula II:

G² has formula III:

L is selected from the group consisting of benzene, biphenyl, terphenyl, triphenylene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, chrysene, fluorene, xanthene, furan, thiophene, selenophene, benzofuran, benzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene, dibenzoselenophene, and combinations thereof;

G³ is selected from the group consisting of benzene, furan, thiophene, biphenyl, terphenyl, naphthalene, phenalene, phenanthrene, fluorene, xanthene, chrysene, benzofuran, benzothiophene, dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, indenocarbazole, benzothienocarbazole, benzofurocarbazole, benzoselenocarbazole, benzofluorenothiophene, indolocarbazole, and benzothienodibenzothiophene;

R², R⁴, R⁶, and R⁸ each independently represent mono, di, tri, or no substitution;

R¹, R³, R⁵, and R⁷ each independently represent mono, di, tri, tetra, or no substitution;

R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R^(A), and R^(B) are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, silyl, carbonyl, alkyloxyl, nitrile, isonitrile, benzene, biphenyl, terphenyl, triphenyl, and combinations thereof;

L is optionally further substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, arylthio, arylseleno, nitrile, isonitrile, and combinations thereof;

G³ is optionally further substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, arylthio, arylseleno, heteroarylalkyl, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylthio, nitrile, isonitrile, and combinations thereof;

a is 0 or 1; b is 0, 1, 2 or 3; m is an integer from 1 to 10; n is an integer from 0 to 9; and

m is larger than n.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows an organic light emitting device.

FIG. 2 shows an inverted organic light emitting device that does not have a separate electron transport layer.

FIG. 3 shows a compound of Formula IV.

FIG. 4 shows a compound of Formula V.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Generally, an OLED comprises at least one organic layer disposed between and electrically connected to an anode and a cathode. When a current is applied, the anode injects holes and the cathode injects electrons into the organic layer(s). The injected holes and electrons each migrate toward the oppositely charged electrode. When an electron and hole localize on the same molecule, an “exciton,” which is a localized electron-hole pair having an excited energy state, is formed. Light is emitted when the exciton relaxes via a photoemissive mechanism. In some cases, the exciton may be localized on an excimer or an exciplex. Non-radiative mechanisms, such as thermal relaxation, may also occur, but are generally considered undesirable.

The initial OLEDs used emissive molecules that emitted light from their singlet states (“fluorescence”) as disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,769,292, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Fluorescent emission generally occurs in a time frame of less than 10 nanoseconds.

More recently, OLEDs having emissive materials that emit light from triplet states (“phosphorescence”) have been demonstrated. Baldo et al., “Highly Efficient Phosphorescent Emission from Organic Electroluminescent Devices,” Nature, vol. 395, 151-154, 1998; (“Baldo-I”) and Baldo et al., “Very high-efficiency green organic light-emitting devices based on electrophosphorescence,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 75, No. 3, 4-6 (1999) (“Baldo-II”), which are incorporated by reference in their entireties. Phosphorescence is described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 7,279,704 at cols. 5-6, which are incorporated by reference.

FIG. 1 shows an organic light emitting device 100. The figures are not necessarily drawn to scale. Device 100 may include a substrate 110, an anode 115, a hole injection layer 120, a hole transport layer 125, an electron blocking layer 130, an emissive layer 135, a hole blocking layer 140, an electron transport layer 145, an electron injection layer 150, a protective layer 155, a cathode 160, and a barrier layer 170. Cathode 160 is a compound cathode having a first conductive layer 162 and a second conductive layer 164. Device 100 may be fabricated by depositing the layers described, in order. The properties and functions of these various layers, as well as example materials, are described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 7,279,704 at cols. 6-10, which are incorporated by reference.

More examples for each of these layers are available. For example, a flexible and transparent substrate-anode combination is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,844,363, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. An example of a p-doped hole transport layer is m-MTDATA doped with F₄-TCNQ at a molar ratio of 50:1, as disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0230980, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Examples of emissive and host materials are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,303,238 to Thompson et al., which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. An example of an n-doped electron transport layer is BPhen doped with Li at a molar ratio of 1:1, as disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0230980, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,703,436 and 5,707,745, which are incorporated by reference in their entireties, disclose examples of cathodes including compound cathodes having a thin layer of metal such as Mg:Ag with an overlying transparent, electrically-conductive, sputter-deposited ITO layer. The theory and use of blocking layers is described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 6,097,147 and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0230980, which are incorporated by reference in their entireties. Examples of injection layers are provided in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0174116, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. A description of protective layers may be found in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0174116, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

FIG. 2 shows an inverted OLED 200. The device includes a substrate 210, a cathode 215, an emissive layer 220, a hole transport layer 225, and an anode 230. Device 200 may be fabricated by depositing the layers described, in order. Because the most common OLED configuration has a cathode disposed over the anode, and device 200 has cathode 215 disposed under anode 230, device 200 may be referred to as an “inverted” OLED. Materials similar to those described with respect to device 100 may be used in the corresponding layers of device 200. FIG. 2 provides one example of how some layers may be omitted from the structure of device 100.

The simple layered structure illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2 is provided by way of non-limiting example, and it is understood that embodiments of the invention may be used in connection with a wide variety of other structures. The specific materials and structures described are exemplary in nature, and other materials and structures may be used. Functional OLEDs may be achieved by combining the various layers described in different ways, or layers may be omitted entirely, based on design, performance, and cost factors. Other layers not specifically described may also be included. Materials other than those specifically described may be used. Although many of the examples provided herein describe various layers as comprising a single material, it is understood that combinations of materials, such as a mixture of host and dopant, or more generally a mixture, may be used. Also, the layers may have various sublayers. The names given to the various layers herein are not intended to be strictly limiting. For example, in device 200, hole transport layer 225 transports holes and injects holes into emissive layer 220, and may be described as a hole transport layer or a hole injection layer. In one embodiment, an OLED may be described as having an “organic layer” disposed between a cathode and an anode. This organic layer may comprise a single layer, or may further comprise multiple layers of different organic materials as described, for example, with respect to FIGS. 1 and 2.

Structures and materials not specifically described may also be used, such as OLEDs comprised of polymeric materials (PLEDs) such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,247,190 to Friend et al., which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. By way of further example, OLEDs having a single organic layer may be used. OLEDs may be stacked, for example as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,707,745 to Forrest et al, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. The OLED structure may deviate from the simple layered structure illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2. For example, the substrate may include an angled reflective surface to improve out-coupling, such as a mesa structure as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,091,195 to Forrest et al., and/or a pit structure as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,834,893 to Bulovic et al., which are incorporated by reference in their entireties.

Unless otherwise specified, any of the layers of the various embodiments may be deposited by any suitable method. For the organic layers, preferred methods include thermal evaporation, ink-jet, such as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,013,982 and 6,087,196, which are incorporated by reference in their entireties, organic vapor phase deposition (OVPD), such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,337,102 to Forrest et al., which is incorporated by reference in its entirety, and deposition by organic vapor jet printing (OVJP), such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,431,968, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Other suitable deposition methods include spin coating and other solution based processes. Solution based processes are preferably carried out in nitrogen or an inert atmosphere. For the other layers, preferred methods include thermal evaporation. Preferred patterning methods include deposition through a mask, cold welding such as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,294,398 and 6,468,819, which are incorporated by reference in their entireties, and patterning associated with some of the deposition methods such as ink-jet and OVJD. Other methods may also be used. The materials to be deposited may be modified to make them compatible with a particular deposition method. For example, substituents such as alkyl and aryl groups, branched or unbranched, and preferably containing at least 3 carbons, may be used in small molecules to enhance their ability to undergo solution processing. Substituents having 20 carbons or more may be used, and 3-20 carbons is a preferred range. Materials with asymmetric structures may have better solution processibility than those having symmetric structures, because asymmetric materials may have a lower tendency to recrystallize. Dendrimer substituents may be used to enhance the ability of small molecules to undergo solution processing.

Devices fabricated in accordance with embodiments of the present invention may further optionally comprise a barrier layer. One purpose of the barrier layer is to protect the electrodes and organic layers from damaging exposure to harmful species in the environment including moisture, vapor and/or gases, etc. The barrier layer may be deposited over, under or next to a substrate, an electrode, or over any other parts of a device including an edge. The barrier layer may comprise a single layer, or multiple layers. The barrier layer may be formed by various known chemical vapor deposition techniques and may include compositions having a single phase as well as compositions having multiple phases. Any suitable material or combination of materials may be used for the barrier layer. The barrier layer may incorporate an inorganic or an organic compound or both. The preferred barrier layer comprises a mixture of a polymeric material and a non-polymeric material as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,968,146, PCT Pat. Application Nos. PCT/US2007/023098 and PCT/US2009/042829, which are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties. To be considered a “mixture”, the aforesaid polymeric and non-polymeric materials comprising the barrier layer should be deposited under the same reaction conditions and/or at the same time. The weight ratio of polymeric to non-polymeric material may be in the range of 95:5 to 5:95. The polymeric material and the non-polymeric material may be created from the same precursor material. In one example, the mixture of a polymeric material and a non-polymeric material consists essentially of polymeric silicon and inorganic silicon.

Devices fabricated in accordance with embodiments of the invention may be incorporated into a wide variety of consumer products, including flat panel displays, computer monitors, medical monitors, televisions, billboards, lights for interior or exterior illumination and/or signaling, heads up displays, fully transparent displays, flexible displays, laser printers, telephones, cell phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), laptop computers, digital cameras, camcorders, viewfinders, micro-displays, 3-D displays, vehicles, a large area wall, theater or stadium screen, or a sign. Various control mechanisms may be used to control devices fabricated in accordance with the present invention, including passive matrix and active matrix. Many of the devices are intended for use in a temperature range comfortable to humans, such as 18 degrees C. to 30 degrees C., and more preferably at room temperature (20-25 degrees C.), but could be used outside this temperature range, for example, from −40 degree C. to +80 degree C.

The materials and structures described herein may have applications in devices other than OLEDs. For example, other optoelectronic devices such as organic solar cells and organic photodetectors may employ the materials and structures. More generally, organic devices, such as organic transistors, may employ the materials and structures.

The term “halo” or “halogen” as used herein includes fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.

The term “alkyl” as used herein contemplates both straight and branched chain alkyl radicals. Preferred alkyl groups are those containing from one to fifteen carbon atoms and includes methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, and the like. Additionally, the alkyl group may be optionally substituted.

The term “cycloalkyl” as used herein contemplates cyclic alkyl radicals. Preferred cycloalkyl groups are those containing 3 to 7 carbon atoms and includes cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and the like. Additionally, the cycloalkyl group may be optionally substituted.

The term “alkenyl” as used herein contemplates both straight and branched chain alkene radicals. Preferred alkenyl groups are those containing two to fifteen carbon atoms. Additionally, the alkenyl group may be optionally substituted.

The term “alkynyl” as used herein contemplates both straight and branched chain alkyne radicals. Preferred alkynyl groups are those containing two to fifteen carbon atoms. Additionally, the alkynyl group may be optionally substituted.

The terms “aralkyl” or “arylalkyl” as used herein are used interchangeably and contemplate an alkyl group that has as a substituent an aromatic group. Additionally, the aralkyl group may be optionally substituted.

The term “heterocyclic group” as used herein contemplates non-aromatic cyclic radicals. Preferred heterocyclic groups are those containing 3 or 7 ring atoms which includes at least one hetero atom, and includes cyclic amines such as morpholino, piperdino, pyrrolidino, and the like, and cyclic ethers, such as tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydropyran, and the like. Additionally, the heterocyclic group may be optionally substituted.

The term “aryl” or “aromatic group” as used herein contemplates single-ring groups and polycyclic ring systems. The polycyclic rings may have two or more rings in which two carbons are common to two adjoining rings (the rings are “fused”) wherein at least one of the rings is aromatic, e.g., the other rings can be cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, aryl, heterocycles, and/or heteroaryls. Additionally, the aryl group may be optionally substituted.

The term “heteroaryl” as used herein contemplates single-ring hetero-aromatic groups that may include from one to three heteroatoms, for example, pyrrole, furan, thiophene, imidazole, oxazole, thiazole, triazole, pyrazole, pyridine, pyrazine and pyrimidine, and the like. The term heteroaryl also includes polycyclic hetero-aromatic systems having two or more rings in which two atoms are common to two adjoining rings (the rings are “fused”) wherein at least one of the rings is a heteroaryl, e.g., the other rings can be cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, aryl, heterocycles, and/or heteroaryls. Additionally, the heteroaryl group may be optionally substituted.

The alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aralkyl, heterocyclic group, aryl, and heteroaryl may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, cyclic amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acid, ether, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof.

As used herein, “substituted” indicates that a substituent other than H is bonded to the relevant position, such as carbon. Thus, for example, where R¹ is mono-substituted, then one R¹ must be other than H. Similarly, where R¹ is di-substituted, then two of R¹ must be other than H. Similarly, where R¹ is unsubstituted, R¹ is hydrogen for all available positions.

The “aza” designation in the fragments described herein (e.g., aza-dibenzofuran, aza-dibenzothiophene, etc.) means that one or more of the C—H groups in the respective fragment can be replaced by a nitrogen atom, for example, and without any limitation, azatriphenylene encompasses both dibenzo[f,h]quinoxaline and dibenzo[f,h]quinoline. One of ordinary skill in the art can readily envision other nitrogen analogs of the aza-derivatives described above, and all such analogs are intended to be encompassed by the terms as set forth herein.

It is to be understood that when a molecular fragment is described as being a substituent or otherwise attached to another moiety, its name may be written as if it were a fragment (e.g., naphthyl, dibenzofuryl) or as if it were the whole molecule (e.g., naphthalene, dibenzofuran). As used herein, these different ways of designating a substituent or attached fragment are considered to be equivalent.

A wide variety of carbazole-containing compounds have been developed as organic electroluminescent materials. Depending on the unique ways building blocks are connected, these compounds have different energy levels, molecular packing, and charge-transport properties, all of which heavily influence device performance. This invention discloses a new class of oligocarbazole compounds where the carbazoles moieties are connected at the 2- and 7-positions. Unexpectedly, phosphorescent OLED devices using the compounds of the invention as host materials demonstrate superior performance compared to the compounds reported in the literature.

In some embodiments, a compound having formula I:

is provided. In the compound of formula I, G¹ has formula II:

G² has formula III:

L is selected from the group consisting of benzene, biphenyl, terphenyl, triphenylene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, chrysene, fluorene, xanthene, furan, thiophene, selenophene, benzofuran, benzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene, dibenzoselenophene, and combinations thereof;

G³ is selected from the group consisting of benzene, furan, thiophene, biphenyl, terphenyl, naphthalene, phenalene, phenanthrene, fluorene, xanthene, chrysene, benzofuran, benzothiophene, dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, indenocarbazole, benzothienocarbazole, benzofurocarbazole, benzoselenocarbazole, benzofluorenothiophene, indolocarbazole, and benzothienodibenzothiophene;

R², R⁴, R⁶, and R⁸ each independently represent mono, di, tri, or no substitution;

R¹, R³, R⁵, and R⁷ each independently represent mono, di, tri, tetra, or no substitution;

R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R^(A), and R^(B) are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, silyl, carbonyl, alkyloxyl, nitrile, isonitrile, benzene, biphenyl, terphenyl, triphenyl, and combinations thereof;

L is optionally further substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, arylthio, arylseleno, nitrile, isonitrile, and combinations thereof;

G³ is optionally further substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, arylthio, arylseleno, heteroarylalkyl, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylthio, nitrile, isonitrile, and combinations thereof;

a is 0 or 1; b is 0, 1, 2, or 3; m is an integer from 1 to 10; n is an integer from 0 to 9; and

m is larger than n.

In some embodiments, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R^(A), and R^(B) are hydrogen.

In some embodiments, G¹ is:

In some embodiments, G¹ is selected from the group consisting of:

In some embodiments, L is selected from the group consisting of:

wherein X is selected from the group consisting of O, S, and Se, and

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, and aryl;

wherein each - - - - - individually represents an optional direct bond to G¹, G², or G³, and

wherein one - - - - - represents a direct bond to G¹.

In some embodiments, G² is:

In some embodiments, G² is selected from the group consisting of:

In some embodiments, G³ is selected from the group consisting of:

wherein X is selected from the group consisting of O, S, and Se, and

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, and aryl.

In some embodiments, the compound is selected from a group consisting of

In some embodiments, m is 1, L is benzene, and R³, R⁴, and R^(A) are hydrogen.

In some embodiments, m is 1, L is biphenyl, and R³, R⁴, and R^(A) are hydrogen.

In some embodiments, a compound having formula IV:

is provided. In the compound having formula IV, L is selected from the group consisting of benzene, biphenyl, terphenyl, triphenylene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, chrysene, fluorene, xanthene, furan, thiophene, selenophene, benzofuran, benzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene, dibenzoselenophene, and combinations thereof;

R², R⁴, R⁶, and R⁸ each independently represent mono, di, tri, or no substitution;

R¹, R³, R⁵, and R⁷ each independently represent mono, di, tri, tetra, or no substitution;

R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R^(A), and R^(B) are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, silyl, carbonyl, alkyloxyl, nitrile, isonitrile, benzene, biphenyl, terphenyl, triphenyl, and combinations thereof;

L is optionally further substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, arylthio, arylseleno, nitrile, isonitrile, and combinations thereof;

m is an integer from 1 to 10; n is an integer from 0 to 9; and

m is larger than n.

In some embodiments, a compound having formula V:

is provided. In the compound having formula V, L is selected from the group consisting of benzene, biphenyl, terphenyl, triphenylene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, chrysene, fluorene, xanthene, furan, thiophene, selenophene, benzofuran, benzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene, dibenzoselenophene, and combinations thereof;

G³ is selected from the group consisting of benzene, furan, thiophene, biphenyl, terphenyl, naphthalene, phenalene, phenanthrene, fluorene, xanthene, chrysene, benzofuran, benzothiophene, dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, indenocarbazole, benzothienocarbazole, benzofurocarbazole, benzoselenocarbazole, benzofluorenothiophene, indolocarbazole, and benzothienodibenzothiophene;

R² and R⁴ each independently represent mono, di, tri, or no substitution;

R¹ and R³ each independently represent mono, di, tri, tetra, or no substitution;

R¹, R², R³, R⁴, and R^(A) are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, silyl, carbonyl, alkyloxyl, nitrile, isonitrile, benzene, biphenyl, terphenyl, triphenyl, and combinations thereof;

L is optionally further substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, arylthio, arylseleno, nitrile, isonitrile, and combinations thereof;

G³ is optionally further substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, arylthio, arylseleno, heteroarylalkyl, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylthio, nitrile, isonitrile, and combinations thereof; and

m is an integer from 1 to 10.

In some embodiments, a first device is provided. The first device comprises an anode, a cathode, and an organic layer, disposed between the anode and the cathode, comprising a compound having formula I:

In the compound of formula I, G¹ has formula II:

G² has formula III:

L is selected from the group consisting of benzene, biphenyl, terphenyl, triphenylene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, chrysene, fluorene, xanthene, furan, thiophene, selenophene, benzofuran, benzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene, dibenzoselenophene, and combinations thereof;

G³ is selected from the group consisting of benzene, furan, thiophene, biphenyl, terphenyl, naphthalene, phenalene, phenanthrene, fluorene, xanthene, chrysene, benzofuran, benzothiophene, dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, indenocarbazole, benzothienocarbazole, benzofurocarbazole, benzoselenocarbazole, benzofluorenothiophene, indolocarbazole, and benzothienodibenzothiophene;

R², R⁴, R⁶, and R⁸ each independently represent mono, di, tri, or no substitution;

R¹, R³, R⁵, and R⁷ each independently represent mono, di, tri, tetra, or no substitution;

wherein R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R^(A), and R^(B) are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, silyl, carbonyl, alkyloxyl, nitrile, isonitrile, benzene, biphenyl, terphenyl, triphenyl, and combinations thereof;

L is optionally further substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, arylthio, arylseleno, nitrile, isonitrile, and combinations thereof;

G³ is optionally further substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, arylthio, arylseleno, heteroarylalkyl, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylthio, nitrile, isonitrile, and combinations thereof;

a is 0 or 1; b is 0, 1, 2 or 3; m is an integer from 1 to 10; n is an integer from 0 to 9; and

m is larger than n.

In some embodiments, the first device comprises a compound of formula IV. In some embodiments, the first device comprises a compound of formula V.

In some embodiments, the organic layer is an emissive layer and the compound of formula I is a host. In some embodiments, the organic layer is an emissive layer and the compound of formula IV is a host. In some embodiments, the organic layer is an emissive layer and the compound of formula V is a host.

In some embodiments, the organic layer further comprises a phosphorescent emissive dopant.

In some embodiments, the phosphorescent emissive dopant is a transition metal complex having at least one ligand or part of the ligand if the ligand is more than bidentate selected from the group consisting of:

wherein R_(a), R_(b), R_(c), and R_(d) may represent mono, di, tri, or tetra substitution, or no substitution; and wherein R_(a), R_(b), R_(c), and R_(d) are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof; and wherein two adjacent substituents of R_(a), R_(b), R_(c), and R_(d) are optionally joined to form a fused ring or form a multidentate ligand.

In some embodiments, the organic layer is a blocking layer and the compound is a blocking material in the organic layer.

In some embodiments, the first device is a consumer product.

In some embodiments, the device is an organic light-emitting device.

In some embodiments, the device comprises a lighting panel.

In some embodiments, the device comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of

In some embodiments, the compounds described herein are provided in a formulation with other materials present in the device. For example, the compounds of the invention may be provided in a formulation in conjunction with a wide variety of hosts, transport layers, blocking layers, injection layers, electrodes, or other layers.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprising a compound having formula I:

is provided. In the compound of formula I, G¹ has formula II:

G² has formula III:

L is selected from the group consisting of benzene, biphenyl, terphenyl, triphenylene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, chrysene, fluorene, xanthene, furan, thiophene, selenophene, benzofuran, benzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene, dibenzoselenophene, and combinations thereof;

G³ is selected from the group consisting of benzene, furan, thiophene, biphenyl, terphenyl, naphthalene, phenalene, phenanthrene, fluorene, xanthene, chrysene, benzofuran, benzothiophene, dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, indenocarbazole, benzothienocarbazole, benzofurocarbazole, benzoselenocarbazole, benzofluorenothiophene, indolocarbazole, and benzothienodibenzothiophene;

R², R⁴, R⁶, and R⁸ each independently represent mono, di, tri, or no substitution;

R¹, R³, R⁵, and R⁷ each independently represent mono, di, tri, tetra, or no substitution;

R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R^(A), and R^(B) are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, silyl, carbonyl, alkyloxyl, nitrile, isonitrile, benzene, biphenyl, terphenyl, triphenyl, and combinations thereof;

L is optionally further substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, arylthio, arylseleno, nitrile, isonitrile, and combinations thereof;

G³ is optionally further substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, arylthio, arylseleno, heteroarylalkyl, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylthio, nitrile, isonitrile, and combinations thereof;

a is 0 or 1; b is 0, 1, 2 or 3; m is an integer from 1 to 10; n is an integer from 0 to 9; and

m is larger than n.

In some embodiments, the formulation comprises a compound of formula IV. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises a compound of formula V.

Combination with Other Materials

The materials described herein as useful for a particular layer in an organic light emitting device may be used in combination with a wide variety of other materials present in the device. For example, emissive dopants disclosed herein may be used in conjunction with a wide variety of hosts, transport layers, blocking layers, injection layers, electrodes and other layers that may be present. The materials described or referred to below are non-limiting examples of materials that may be useful in combination with the compounds disclosed herein, and one of skill in the art can readily consult the literature to identify other materials that may be useful in combination.

HIL/HTL:

A hole injecting/transporting material to be used in the present invention is not particularly limited, and any compound may be used as long as the compound is typically used as a hole injecting/transporting material. Examples of the material include, but not limit to: a phthalocyanine or porphyrin derivative; an aromatic amine derivative; an indolocarbazole derivative; a polymer containing fluorohydrocarbon; a polymer with conductivity dopants; a conducting polymer, such as PEDOT/PSS; a self-assembly monomer derived from compounds such as phosphonic acid and silane derivatives; a metal oxide derivative, such as MoO_(x); a p-type semiconducting organic compound, such as 1,4,5,8,9,12-Hexaazatriphenylenehexacarbonitrile; a metal complex, and a cross-linkable compounds.

Examples of aromatic amine derivatives used in HIL or HTL include, but not limit to the following general structures:

Each of Ar¹ to Ar⁹ is selected from the group consisting aromatic hydrocarbon cyclic compounds such as benzene, biphenyl, triphenyl, triphenylene, naphthalene, anthracene, phenalene, phenanthrene, fluorene, pyrene, chrysene, perylene, azulene; group consisting aromatic heterocyclic compounds such as dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, furan, thiophene, benzofuran, benzothiophene, benzoselenophene, carbazole, indolocarbazole, pyridylindole, pyrrolodipyridine, pyrazole, imidazole, triazole, oxazole, thiazole, oxadiazole, oxatriazole, dioxazole, thiadiazole, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, triazine, oxazine, oxathiazine, oxadiazine, indole, benzimidazole, indazole, indoxazine, benzoxazole, benzisoxazole, benzothiazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, cinnoline, quinazoline, quinoxaline, naphthyridine, phthalazine, pteridine, xanthene, acridine, phenazine, phenothiazine, phenoxazine, benzofuropyridine, furodipyridine, benzothienopyridine, thienodipyridine, benzoselenophenopyridine, and selenophenodipyridine; and group consisting 2 to 10 cyclic structural units which are groups of the same type or different types selected from the aromatic hydrocarbon cyclic group and the aromatic heterocyclic group and are bonded to each other directly or via at least one of oxygen atom, nitrogen atom, sulfur atom, silicon atom, phosphorus atom, boron atom, chain structural unit and the aliphatic cyclic group. Wherein each Ar is further substituted by a substituent selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof.

In one aspect, Ar¹ to Ar⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of:

k is an integer from 1 to 20; X¹⁰¹ to X¹⁰⁸ is C (including CH) or N; Z¹⁰¹ is NAr¹, O, or S; Ar¹ has the same group defined above.

Examples of metal complexes used in HIL or HTL include, but not limit to the following general formula:

Met is a metal; (Y¹⁰¹—Y¹⁰²) is a bidentate ligand, Y¹⁰¹ and Y¹⁰² are independently selected from C, N, O, P, and S; L¹⁰¹ is an another ligand; k′ is an integer value from 1 to the maximum number of ligands that may be attached to the metal; and k′+k″ is the maximum number of ligands that may be attached to the metal.

In one aspect, (Y¹⁰¹—Y¹⁰²) is a 2-phenylpyridine derivative.

In another aspect, (Y¹⁰¹—Y¹⁰²) is a carbene ligand.

In another aspect, Met is selected from Ir, Pt, Os, and Zn.

In a further aspect, the metal complex has a smallest oxidation potential in solution vs. Fc⁺/Fc couple less than about 0.6 V.

Host:

The light emitting layer of the organic EL device of the present invention preferably contains at least a metal complex as light emitting material, and may contain a host material using the metal complex as a dopant material. Examples of the host material are not particularly limited, and any metal complexes or organic compounds may be used as long as the triplet energy of the host is larger than that of the dopant. While the Table below categorizes host materials as preferred for devices that emit various colors, any host material may be used with any dopant so long as the triplet criteria is satisfied.

Examples of metal complexes used as host are preferred to have the following general formula:

Met is a metal; (Y¹⁰³—Y¹⁰⁴) is a bidentate ligand, Y¹⁰³ and Y¹⁰⁴ are independently selected from C, N, O, P, and S; L¹⁰¹ is an another ligand; k′ is an integer value from 1 to the maximum number of ligands that may be attached to the metal; and k′+k″ is the maximum number of ligands that may be attached to the metal.

In one aspect, the metal complexes are:

(O—N) is a bidentate ligand, having metal coordinated to atoms O and N.

In another aspect, Met is selected from Ir and Pt.

In a further aspect, (Y¹⁰³—Y¹⁰⁴) is a carbene ligand.

Examples of organic compounds used as host are selected from the group consisting aromatic hydrocarbon cyclic compounds such as benzene, biphenyl, triphenyl, triphenylene, naphthalene, anthracene, phenalene, phenanthrene, fluorene, pyrene, chrysene, perylene, azulene; group consisting aromatic heterocyclic compounds such as dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, furan, thiophene, benzofuran, benzothiophene, benzoselenophene, carbazole, indolocarbazole, pyridylindole, pyrrolodipyridine, pyrazole, imidazole, triazole, oxazole, thiazole, oxadiazole, oxatriazole, dioxazole, thiadiazole, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, triazine, oxazine, oxathiazine, oxadiazine, indole, benzimidazole, indazole, indoxazine, benzoxazole, benzisoxazole, benzothiazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, cinnoline, quinazoline, quinoxaline, naphthyridine, phthalazine, pteridine, xanthene, acridine, phenazine, phenothiazine, phenoxazine, benzofuropyridine, furodipyridine, benzothienopyridine, thienodipyridine, benzoselenophenopyridine, and selenophenodipyridine; and group consisting 2 to 10 cyclic structural units which are groups of the same type or different types selected from the aromatic hydrocarbon cyclic group and the aromatic heterocyclic group and are bonded to each other directly or via at least one of oxygen atom, nitrogen atom, sulfur atom, silicon atom, phosphorus atom, boron atom, chain structural unit and the aliphatic cyclic group. Wherein each group is further substituted by a substituent selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof.

In one aspect, host compound contains at least one of the following groups in the molecule:

R¹⁰¹ to R¹⁰⁷ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof, when it is aryl or heteroaryl, it has the similar definition as Ar′s mentioned above.

k is an integer from 1 to 20; k″′ is an integer from 0 to 20.

X¹⁰¹ to X¹⁰⁸ is selected from C (including CH) or N.

Z¹⁰¹ and Z¹⁰² is selected from NR¹⁰¹, O, or S.

HBL:

A hole blocking layer (HBL) may be used to reduce the number of holes and/or excitons that leave the emissive layer. The presence of such a blocking layer in a device may result in substantially higher efficiencies as compared to a similar device lacking a blocking layer. Also, a blocking layer may be used to confine emission to a desired region of an OLED.

In one aspect, compound used in HBL contains the same molecule or the same functional groups used as host described above.

In another aspect, compound used in HBL contains at least one of the following groups in the molecule:

k is an integer from 1 to 20; L¹⁰¹ is an another ligand, k′ is an integer from 1 to 3.

ETL:

Electron transport layer (ETL) may include a material capable of transporting electrons. Electron transport layer may be intrinsic (undoped), or doped. Doping may be used to enhance conductivity. Examples of the ETL material are not particularly limited, and any metal complexes or organic compounds may be used as long as they are typically used to transport electrons.

In one aspect, compound used in ETL contains at least one of the following groups in the molecule:

R¹⁰¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof, when it is aryl or heteroaryl, it has the similar definition as Ar's mentioned above.

Ar¹ to Ar³ has the similar definition as Ar's mentioned above.

k is an integer from 1 to 20.

X¹⁰¹ to X¹⁰⁸ is selected from C (including CH) or N.

In another aspect, the metal complexes used in ETL contains, but not limit to the following general formula:

(O—N) or (N—N) is a bidentate ligand, having metal coordinated to atoms O, N or N, N; L¹⁰¹ is another ligand; k′ is an integer value from 1 to the maximum number of ligands that may be attached to the metal.

In any above-mentioned compounds used in each layer of the OLED device, the hydrogen atoms can be partially or fully deuterated. Thus, any specifically listed substituent, such as, without limitation, methyl, phenyl, pyridyl, etc. encompasses undeuterated, partially deuterated, and fully deuterated versions thereof. Similarly, classes of substituents such as, without limitation, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, etc. also encompass undeuterated, partially deuterated, and fully deuterated versions thereof.

In addition to and/or in combination with the materials disclosed herein, many hole injection materials, hole transporting materials, host materials, dopant materials, exiton/hole blocking layer materials, electron transporting and electron injecting materials may be used in an OLED. Non-limiting examples of the materials that may be used in an OLED in combination with materials disclosed herein are listed in Table 1 below. Table 1 lists non-limiting classes of materials, non-limiting examples of compounds for each class, and references that disclose the materials.

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EXPERIMENTAL

Chemical abbreviations used throughout this document are as follows: SPhos is dicyclohexyl(2′,6′-dimethoxy-[1,1′-biphenyl]-2-yl)phosphine, Pd₂(dba)₃ is tri(dibenzylideneacetone) dipalladium(0), and tert-BuONa is sodium tert-butoxide.

Example 1 Synthesis of Compound 5 Synthesis of 2-Bromo-9-(3-(triphenylen-2-yl)phenyl)-9H-carbazole

A solution of 2-(3-iodophenyl)triphenylene (7.80 g, 18.13 mmol), 2-bromo-9H-carbazole (4.46 g, 18.13 mmol), CuI (0.52 g, 2.72 mmol), cyclohexane-1,2-diamine (0.62 g, 5.44 mmol) and K₃PO₄ (7.69 g, 36.3 mmol) in o-xylene (400 ml) were refluxed for 4 days. The reaction mixture was filtered through a short plug of celite and the solvent was evaporated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel with heptane/toluene (9/1 to 7/3, v/v) as eluent to yield 2-bromo-9-(3-(triphenylen-2-yl)phenyl)-9H-carbazole (3.3 g, 33.2%) as a white solid.

Synthesis of Compound 5

A solution of 9H-carbazole (1.61 g, 9.63 mmol), 2-bromo-9-(3-(triphenylen-2-yl)phenyl)-9H-carbazole (4.80 g, 8.75 mmol), Pd₂(dba)₃ (0.24 g, 0.26 mmol), SPhos (0.43 g, 1.05 mmol), and tert-BuONa (1.85 g, 19.25 mmol) in xylene (230 ml) was refluxed for 20 hours. The hot reaction mixture was filtered through a short plug of celite and the solvent was evaporated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel with heptane/dichloromethane (7/3 to 3/7, v/v) as eluent to yield Compound 5 (4.03 g, 73%) as a white solid.

Example 2 Synthesis of Compound 6

Synthesis of Compound 6

A solution of 9H-2,9′-bicarbazole (2.40 g, 7.22 mmol), 2-(4-chlorophenyl)triphenylene (2.69 g, 7.94 mmol), Pd₂(dba)₃ (0.26 g, 0.29 mmol), SPhos (0.24 g, 0.58 mmol), and tert-BuONa (2.08 g, 21.66 mmol) in xylene (15 ml) was refluxed for 20 hours. The hot reaction solution was filtered through a short plug of silica gel. The filtrate was diluted with heptane, filtered again through a short plug of silica gel, eluted with heptane/toluene (1/1). Upon evaporation of the solvent, the crude product was recrystallized from toluene to yield Compound 6 (2.90 g, 63%) as white crystals.

Example 3 Synthesis of Compound 32

Synthesis of Compound 32

A solution of 9H-2,9′-bicarbazole (2.40 g, 7.22 mmol), 4-(3′-bromo-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)dibenzo[b,d]thiophene (3.00 g, 7.22 mmol), Pd₂(dba)₃ (0.27 g, 0.29 mmol), SPhos (0.24 g, 0.58 mmol), and tert-BuONa (2.08 g, 21.67 mmol) in xylene (120 ml) was refluxed for 20 hours. After cooling to room temperature, the solid was removed by filtration. The filtrate was diluted with toluene and filtered through a short plug of silica gel. Upon evaporation of the solvent, the crude product was recrystallized from toluene to yield Compound 32 (3.6 g, 75%) as a white solid.

Computational Examples

Compounds were subjected to computational investigation using the Gaussian G09, Revision C.01 at the B3LYP/6-31g(d) functional and basis set to evaluate the energy levels of selected compounds. The computational results of HOMO/LUMO and triplet (T1) energy levels of Compound 5 and CC-1 are presented in TABLE 2.

TABLE 2 HOMO LUMO T1 Compound Chemical Structure (eV) (eV) (eV) Compound 5

−5.18 −1.39 2.76 CC-1

−5.23 −2.07 2.65

Compared to the comparative compound CC-1, Compound 5 has a much higher LUMO level (−1.39 eV vs −2.07 eV). Compound CC-1 with such a low LUMO level mainly functions as an electron transporting host, whereas the inventive compound could have more balanced charge transporting property. Furthermore, Compound 5 has a T1 greater than CC-1 (2.76 eV vs. 2.65 eV). A high-triplet host is beneficial to effectively confined triplet excitons on emitters, leading to high efficiency electroluminescence.

Device Examples

All devices were fabricated by high vacuum (˜10⁻⁷ Torr) thermal evaporation. The anode electrode was 120 nm of indium tin oxide (ITO). The cathode electrode consisted of 1 nm of LiF followed by 100 nm of Aluminum. All devices were encapsulated with a glass lid sealed with an epoxy resin in a nitrogen glove box (<1 ppm of H₂O and O₂) immediately after fabrication, and a moisture getter was incorporated inside the package.

All device examples had organic stacks consisting of, sequentially, from the ITO surface, 10 nm of Compound A as the hole injection layer (HIL), 30 nm of 4,4′-bis[N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenylaminolbiphenyl (NPD) as the hole-transport layer (HTL), and 30 nm of inventive hosts (Compound 5 and Compound 32) or comparative hosts (CC-2 and CC-3) doped with 15 wt % of Compound A as the emissive layer (EML). On top of the EML, 5 nm of Compound BL was deposited as the hole blocking layer (HBL), followed by 45 nm of tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato)aluminum (Alq₃) as the electron-transport layer (ETL).

The chemical structures of the compounds used in the devices are as follows:

TABLE 3 provides a summary of the relative device data: emission color and external quantum efficiency (EQE), recorded at 1000 nits.

TABLE 3 Device Host Color EQE Device C-1 CC-2 Green 17% Device C-2 CC-3 Green 16% Device 1 Compound 5 Green 18% Device 2 Compound 32 Green 18%

All devices emit green color. As shown in TABLE 3, Devices 1 and 2 which use inventive Compounds 5 and 32, respectively, as host material, show improved efficiency, as compared to Devices C-2 and C-3 using comparative compounds as hosts. This enhanced device performance might be attributable to improved balance of electron/hole fluxes owing to the unique chemical structures of the invented compounds.

It is understood that the various embodiments described herein are by way of example only, and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. For example, many of the materials and structures described herein may be substituted with other materials and structures without deviating from the spirit of the invention. The present invention as claimed may therefore include variations from the particular examples and preferred embodiments described herein, as will be apparent to one of skill in the art. It is understood that various theories as to why the invention works are not intended to be limiting. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A compound having formula I:

wherein G¹ has formula II:

wherein G² has formula III:

wherein L is selected from the group consisting of benzene, biphenyl, terphenyl, triphenylene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, chrysene, fluorene, xanthene, furan, thiophene, selenophene, benzofuran, benzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene, dibenzoselenophene, and combinations thereof; wherein G³ is selected from the group consisting of benzene, furan, thiophene, biphenyl, terphenyl, triphenylene, naphthalene, phenalene, phenanthrene, fluorene, xanthene, chrysene, benzofuran, benzothiophene, dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, eindenocarbazole, benzothienocarbazole, benzofurocarbazole, benzoselenocarbazole, benzofluorenothiophene, and benzothienodibenzothiophene; wherein R², R⁴, R⁶, and R⁸ each independently represent mono, di, tri, or no substitution; wherein R¹, R³, R⁵, and R⁷ each independently represent mono, di, tri, tetra, or no substitution; wherein R¹, R², R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, and R^(B) are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, silyl, carbonyl, alkyloxyl, nitrile, isonitrile, benzene, biphenyl, terphenyl, triphenyl, and combinations thereof; wherein R³, R⁴, and R^(A) are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, silyl, carbonyl, alkyloxyl, nitrile, isonitrile, triphenyl, and combinations thereof; wherein L is optionally further substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, arylthio, arylseleno, nitrile, isonitrile, and combinations thereof; wherein G³ is optionally further substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, arylthio, arylseleno, heteroarylalkyl, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylthio, nitrile, isonitrile, and combinations thereof; wherein a is 0 or 1, and b is 0, 1, 2 or 3; wherein m is an integer from 1 to 10; wherein n is an integer from 0 to 9; wherein m is larger than n; and further wherein at least one of the following is true: (1) a=1 and L is selected from the group consisting of terphenyl, triphenylene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, chrysene, fluorene, xanthene, furan, thiophene, selenophene, benzofuran, benzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene, dibenzoselenophene, and combinations thereof; (2) b=1 and L is selected from the group consisting of phenanthrene, chrysene, fluorene, xanthene, furan, thiophene, selenophene, benzofuran, benzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene, dibenzoselenophene, and combinations thereof, (3) at least one of R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶ and, when present, R⁷, or R⁸ is at least monosubstituted with a substituent independently selected from the group consisting of deuterium, halide, silyl, carbonyl, alkyloxyl, nitrile, isonitrile, benzene, biphenyl, terphenyl, triphenyl, and combinations thereof, (4) L is selected from the group consisting of naphthalene and dibenzothiophene, and L is further substituted, (5) at least one G³ is further substituted, (6) R^(A), R^(B), or both are selected from the group consisting of deuterium, halide, silyl, carbonyl, alkyloxyl, nitrile, isonitrile, benzene, biphenyl, terphenyl, triphenyl, and combinations thereof, (7) a is 1 and b is 1, (8) a is 1, b is 0, and n is an integer from 1 to 9, and (9) b is 1, a is 0, and G³ is selected from the group consisting of furan, thiophene, terphenyl, naphthalene, phenalene, phenanthrene, fluorene, xanthene, chrysene, benzofuran, benzothiophene, dibenzoselenophene, indenocarbazole, benzothienocarbazole, benzofurocarbazole, benzoselenocarbazole, benzofluorenothiophene, and benzothienodibenzothiophene.
 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein, when present, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R^(A), and R^(B) are hydrogen.
 3. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of formula IV:

and formula V:


4. The compound of claim 1, wherein G¹ is:


5. The compound of claim 1, wherein G¹ is selected from the group consisting of:


6. The compound of claim 1, wherein L is selected from the group consisting of:

wherein X is selected from the group consisting of O, S, and Se, and wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl and aryl; wherein each - - - - - individually represents an optional direct bond to G¹, G², or G³, and wherein one - - - - - represents a direct bond to G¹.
 7. The compound of claim 1, wherein a=1 and G² is:


8. The compound of claim 1, wherein a=1 and G² is selected from the group consisting of:


9. The compound of claim 1, wherein b is 1, 2, or 3, and G³ is selected from the group consisting of:

wherein X is selected from the group consisting of O, S, and Se, and wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl and aryl.
 10. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is selected from a group consisting of


11. The compound of claim 1, wherein m is 1, L is benzene, and R³, R⁴, and R^(A) are hydrogen.
 12. The compound of claim 1, wherein m is 1, L is biphenyl, and R³, R⁴, and R^(A) are hydrogen.
 13. A device comprising: an anode; a cathode; and an organic layer, disposed between the anode and the cathode, comprising a compound having formula I:

wherein G¹ has formula II:

wherein G² has formula III:

wherein L is selected from the group consisting of benzene, biphenyl, terphenyl, triphenylene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, chrysene, fluorene, xanthene, furan, thiophene, selenophene, benzofuran, benzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene, dibenzoselenophene, and combinations thereof; wherein G³ is selected from the group consisting of benzene, furan, thiophene, biphenyl, terphenyl, triphenylene, naphthalene, phenalene, phenanthrene, fluorene, xanthene, chrysene, benzofuran, benzothiophene, dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, indenocarbazole, benzothienocarbazole, benzofurocarbazole, benzoselenocarbazole, benzofluorenothiophene, and benzothienodibenzothiophene; wherein R², R⁴, R⁶, and R⁸ each independently represent mono, di, tri, or no substitution; wherein R¹, R³, R⁵, and R⁷ each independently represent mono, di, tri, tetra, or no substitution; wherein R¹, R², R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, and R^(B) are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, silyl, carbonyl, alkyloxyl, nitrile, isonitrile, benzene, biphenyl, terphenyl, triphenyl, and combinations thereof; wherein R³, R⁴, and R^(A) are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, silyl, carbonyl, alkyloxyl, nitrile, isonitrile, triphenyl, and combinations thereof; wherein L is optionally further substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, arylthio, arylseleno, nitrile, isonitrile, and combinations thereof; wherein G³ is optionally further substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, arylthio, arylseleno, heteroarylalkyl, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylthio, nitrile, isonitrile, and combinations thereof; wherein a is 0 or 1, and b is 0, 1, 2 or 3; wherein m is an integer from 1 to 10; wherein n is an integer from 0 to 9; wherein m is larger than n; and further wherein at least one of the following is true: (1) a=1 and L is selected from the group consisting of terphenyl, triphenylene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, chrysene, fluorene, xanthene, furan, thiophene, selenophene, benzofuran, benzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene, dibenzoselenophene, and combinations thereof; (2) b=1 and L is selected from the group consisting of phenanthrene, chrysene, fluorene, xanthene, furan, thiophene, selenophene, benzofuran, benzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene, dibenzoselenophene, and combinations thereof, (3) at least one of R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, and, when present, R⁷, or R⁸ is at least monosubstituted with a substituent independently selected from the group consisting of deuterium, halide, silyl, carbonyl, alkyloxyl, nitrile, isonitrile, benzene, biphenyl, terphenyl, triphenyl, and combinations thereof, (4) L is selected from the group consisting of naphthalene and dibenzothiophene, and L is further substituted, (5) at least one G³ is further substituted, (6) R^(A), R^(B), or both are selected from the group consisting of deuterium, halide, silyl, carbonyl, alkyloxyl, nitrile, isonitrile, benzene, biphenyl, terphenyl, triphenyl, and combinations thereof, (7) a is 1 and b is 1, (8) a is 1, b is 0, and n is an integer from 1 to 9, and (9) b is 1, a is 0, and G³ is selected from the group consisting of furan, thiophene, terphenyl, naphthalene, phenalene, phenanthrene, fluorene, xanthene, chrysene, benzofuran, benzothiophene, dibenzoselenophene, indenocarbazole, benzothienocarbazole, benzofurocarbazole, benzoselenocarbazole, benzofluorenothiophene, and benzothienodibenzothiophene.
 14. The device of claim 13, wherein the organic layer is an emissive layer and the compound of formula I is a host.
 15. The device of claim 13, wherein the organic layer further comprises a phosphorescent emissive dopant.
 16. The device of claim 13, wherein the phosphorescent emissive dopant is a transition metal complex having at least one ligand or part of the ligand if the ligand is more than bidentate selected from the group consisting of:

wherein R_(a), R_(b), R_(c), and R_(d) may represent mono, di, tri, or tetra substitution, or no substitution; and wherein R_(a), R_(b), R_(c), and R_(d) are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof; and wherein two adjacent substituents of R_(a), R_(b), R_(c), and R_(d) are optionally joined to form a fused ring or form a multidentate ligand.
 17. The device of claim 13, wherein the organic layer is a blocking layer and the compound is a blocking material in the organic layer.
 18. The device of claim 13, wherein the device is an organic light-emitting device.
 19. A formulation comprising a compound having formula I:

wherein G¹ has formula II:

wherein G² has formula III:

wherein L is selected from the group consisting of benzene, biphenyl, terphenyl, triphenylene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, chrysene, fluorene, xanthene, furan, thiophene, selenophene, benzofuran, benzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene, dibenzoselenophene, and combinations thereof; wherein G³ is selected from the group consisting of benzene, furan, thiophene, biphenyl, terphenyl, triphenylene, naphthalene, phenalene, phenanthrene, fluorene, xanthene, chrysene, benzofuran, benzothiophene, dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, indenocarbazole, benzothienocarbazole, benzofurocarbazole, benzoselenocarbazole, benzofluorenothiophene, and benzothienodibenzothiophene; wherein R², R⁴, R⁶, and R⁸ each independently represent mono, di, tri, or no substitution; wherein R¹, R³, R⁵, and R⁷ each independently represent mono, di, tri, tetra, or no substitution; wherein R¹, R², R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, and R^(B) are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, silyl, carbonyl, alkyloxyl, nitrile, isonitrile, benzene, biphenyl, terphenyl, triphenyl, and combinations thereof; wherein R³, R⁴, and R^(A) are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, silyl, carbonyl, alkyloxyl, nitrile, isonitrile, triphenyl, and combinations thereof; wherein L is optionally further substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, arylthio, arylseleno, nitrile, isonitrile, and combinations thereof; wherein G³ is optionally further substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, arylthio, arylseleno, heteroarylalkyl, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylthio, nitrile, isonitrile, and combinations thereof; wherein a is 0 or 1, and b is 0, 1, 2 or 3; wherein m is an integer from 1 to 10; wherein n is an integer from 0 to 9; wherein m is larger than n; and further wherein at least one of the following is true: (1) a=1 and L is selected from the group consisting of terphenyl, triphenylene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, chrysene, fluorene, xanthene, furan, thiophene, selenophene, benzofuran, benzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene, dibenzoselenophene, and combinations thereof; (2) b=1 and L is selected from the group consisting of phenanthrene, chrysene, fluorene, xanthene, furan, thiophene, selenophene, benzofuran, benzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene, dibenzoselenophene, and combinations thereof, (3) at least one of R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, and, when present, R⁷, or R⁸ is at least monosubstituted with a substituent independently selected from the group consisting of deuterium, halide, silyl, carbonyl, alkyloxyl, nitrile, isonitrile, benzene, biphenyl, terphenyl, triphenyl, and combinations thereof, (4) L is selected from the group consisting of naphthalene and dibenzothiophene, and L is further substituted, (5) at least one G³ is further substituted, (6) R^(A), R^(B), or both are selected from the group consisting of deuterium, halide, silyl, carbonyl, alkyloxyl, nitrile, isonitrile, benzene, biphenyl, terphenyl, triphenyl, and combinations thereof, (7) a is 1 and b is 1, (8) a is 1, b is 0, and n is an integer from 1 to 9, and (9) b is 1, a is 0, and G³ is selected from the group consisting of furan, thiophene, terphenyl, naphthalene, phenalene, phenanthrene, fluorene, xanthene, chrysene, benzofuran, benzothiophene, dibenzoselenophene, indenocarbazole, benzothienocarbazole, benzofurocarbazole, benzoselenocarbazole, benzofluorenothiophene, and benzothienodibenzothiophene. 